Stars are the source of electromagnetic waves. With our eyes we can detect some of the spectrum of these electromagnetic waves as visible light and with our skin we detect infra red light (warmth). We know that an electromagnetic wave transfers energy (E = h v). So we try to isolate the electromagnetic wave from everything around to determine its properties because we use the phenomenological point of view to analyse “what is going on”. Without this “act of isolation” the situation is easier to understand.
Suppose that Einstein’s theory of General relativity is correct. The consequence is that space around a star is curved by the mass of the star. Although nobody knows what this “space” around the star actually is. The narrative is that curved space(time) is gravity. In other words, if Einstein’s space has a “tangible” existence the concentrated energy of the mass forces this “space” to curve. The consequence is that within the hierarchy of influences energy is more influential than “space”. And more confusing, the concentrated energy of the mass is also space because the basic quantum fields represent different spatial properties within the volume of the universe.
The nuclear fusion of rest mass carrying particles inside the star creates a surplus of quanta and these quanta are propagating in vacuum space in every direction. Vacuum space represents the universal electric field and its corresponding magnetic field (together termed electromagnetic field) while the universal scalar field (Higgs field) is flat.
Einstein’s curved space is thought to represent the influence of concentrated energy on the geometry of “space”. An influence that we have termed gravity. However, actually we don’t know if space is curved, we can only measure the influence of the gravitational force on matter. But if space is curved under influence of concentrations of energy this “space” is situated at the same place as vacuum space. I can precise this further because in vacuum space the universal scalar field – the Higgs field – is perfectly flat. The consequence is that Einstein’s curved space is equal to the universal electric field and its corresponding magnetic field.
In quantum mechanics the universal electric field is known as the “creator” of electromagnetic amplitudes (waves). Experiments have showed that every electromagnetic wave has a volume of influence in relation to the other electromagnetic waves around with the same frequency.[1] It shows that the diameter of the cross section of the electromagnetic wave is half the wave length (½ λ).
figure 1
Now the question is triggered if the space of the electromagnetic wave and the space of gravity (curved space) are the same or are they different? Einstein stated that the curvature of space under influence of matter is an emergent phenomenon.[2] Because without matter in the universe “gravitational space” is flat. But in a universe without matter the universal electric field and its corresponding magnetic field are not flat. Because at the smallest scale size vacuum space is a volume full of turbulent quantum fluctuations.
But it is not only Einstein’s theory of curved space(time) that shows that gravity is an emergent phenomenon, Newtonian gravity is also an emergent force field.[3] That means that we cannot prove that space is curved. Because Einstein’s curved space(time) has no properties on its own because it is impossible to add spaces (A + A ≠ A).
Newtonian gravity is a vector force. Vectors are 1 dimensional influences so we can add and subtract 2 or more vectors (v + v = 2v and v – v = 0). The consequence is that Newtonian gravity is mediated by the magnetic field (actually the scalars of the flat Higgs field).[4] Showing that the theory of General relativity is a not adequate model of physical reality.
Figure 1 shows a spiral galaxy in the centre and vacuum space around. The black arrows represent the enormous volume of quantised space that has concentrated energy. Energy that is transformed into matter (the galaxy) during the evolution of the universe. But matter creates vectors that represent the influence of gravitation (blue arrows). The red concentric circles (imaginary spherical shells) symbolise the resultant curvature of the universal electric field under influence of the gravitational vectors.
The electromagnetic waves that are emitted by nuclear fusion in the stars of the galaxy represent the propagation of quanta in vacuum space. The waveform itself is the result of the interference between the stream of quanta and the electromagnetic field in vacuum space. The resistance against the quanta of the emitted electromagnetic wave decreases all along the trajectory of the vectors – blue arrows – that points towards the galaxy. But the vectors of the magnetic field will also point to the galaxy because of the topological deformation of the universal electric field (red concentric circles).
Conclusion
It is true that electromagnetic waves propagate in vacuum space. But the nearly perfect distribution of electromagnetic waves by the nuclear fusion inside stars is determined by the decrease of the magnetic and gravitational vectors in outward direction.
References:
- Montie, E., Cosman, E., ‘t Hooft, G. et al. “Observation of the optical analogue of quantized conductance of a point contact”.
Nature 350, 594–595 (1991) https://doi.org/10.1038/350594a0 - A. Einstein (1920); “Ether and the Theory of Relativity”
Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1922.
|https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Einstein_ether - E. Verlinde (2011). “On the origin of gravity and the laws of Newton”.
Journal of High Energy Physics 4, April 2011.
DOI: 10.1007/jhep04(2011)029
https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.0785 - Tom Van Flandern (1998), “The speed of gravity – What the experiments say”
Physics Letters A, Volume 250, Issues 1-3, 21 December 1998, Pages 1-11
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9601(98)00650-1
